The Subsiding of Anti-German Sentiment in Post-WWII Europe

Anti-German sentiment in Europe began to noticeably subside in the years following World War II, particularly during the late 1950s and early 1960s. This transition was fueled by several key factors that contributed to a more reconciliatory attitude among European nations.

Reconstruction and Economic Recovery

The Marshall Plan, initiated in 1948, played a crucial role in facilitating the economic recovery of Western European countries, including West Germany. As Germany became an integral part of the European economic recovery, perceptions began to shift, moving beyond the animosity of the past. This plan not only provided financial assistance but also fostered a sense of cooperation and mutual support among European nations.

European Integration

The establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 further facilitated cooperation and integration among European nations. The EEC, which later evolved into the European Union, encouraged collaboration in various sectors such as trade, industry, and agriculture. As different European countries worked together, historical animosities began to diminish, and a sense of shared purpose emerged.

Generational Change

As the post-war generation grew up, many were less influenced by the wartime experiences and propaganda. This generational shift contributed significantly to a more reconciliatory attitude towards Germany. The younger generation was more likely to see Germans as partners rather than adversaries, promoting a more positive view of German culture and contributions.

Cultural Exchange

The increased exchange and interaction between European nations also played a vital role in softening attitudes towards Germans. As people from different countries interacted more frequently, they began to see each other as partners and not just as enemies. These cultural exchanges helped to build bridges and foster a more harmonious relationship between nations.

Residual Sentiments

While anti-German sentiment had largely diminished by the 1960s, residual sentiments could still surface during specific political contexts or crises. For example, in the Greek village described, there is a lingering expression: “as barbaric as a German.” This sentiment is rooted in historical events, such as the 1943 Kalavryta holocaust, where German forces inflicted atrocities upon the civilian population, despite the commander's assurance of no harm to civilians.

Personal Experiences

Personal experiences and generational differences further illustrate the complex nature of these sentiments. In the author's family, for instance, his grandmother and grandfather from the Greek side never fully stopped harboring anti-German sentiments. The author's grandmother associated German soldiers with the destruction of her village during World War II and even saw British Prime Minister Winston Churchill as a warmongering "murdering bastard." On the other hand, the author's grandfather on the British side had little animosity towards German soldiers he met, sharing cigarettes and stories despite their wartime conflict.

These personal stories highlight the nuanced and complex nature of post-war relationships between Europe and Germany. While significant progress was made, individual experiences and historical events can still influence perceptions.

Conclusion

By the 1960s, anti-German sentiment had largely diminished, paving the way for a more unified Europe. However, the complexities of history and personal experiences continue to shape how different nations perceive each other in the present day. The journey towards reconciliation is an ongoing process that requires continuous effort and understanding.