Towed Artillery vs. Self-Propelled Artillery: Which is Better?

In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern warfare, the choice between towed and self-propelled artillery has significant tactical implications. Both types of artillery have unique advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific operational context. This article explores the key differences and considerations when deciding which type of artillery is better suited for various military operations.

Historical Context and Recent Developments

As of 2022 and early 2023, self-propelled artillery was considered superior due to its ability to reposition quickly and evade counterfire. By the end of 2023 and into 2024, towed artillery gained the upper hand with its compact size and enhanced ability to hide from modern aerial surveillance, such as drones. These changes reflect the dynamic nature of modern warfare, where technological advancements continually influence tactics and equipment choices.

Weight Considerations

One of the primary factors in choosing between towed and self-propelled artillery is their weight. Towed artillery systems typically weigh significantly less than their self-propelled counterparts. A modern towed cannon artillery system, even when coupled with a prime mover, still carries a considerably lighter load than a self-propelled cannon. This weight differential can be crucial in various operational scenarios:

Transportation: The lighter weight of towed artillery makes it more suitable for air-transport operations. Helicopters can easily lift and transport these systems, providing greater flexibility for infantry conducting air assaults. Mountain Operations: Towed artillery can be deployed on extremely steep terrain without the need for a prime mover, offering unmatched flexibility in mountainous environments. Logistics: Towed artillery requires fewer resources to move and operate, as it does not need its own propulsion system.

Setup and Mobility

While self-propelled artillery can set up and fire more quickly, towed artillery is not significantly slower. Towed artillery crews can unlimber and fire the first round in less than three minutes, and the entire process can take about the same time as re-towing and moving. However, the operational scenario significantly influences which setup method is preferred:

Infantry Support: Towed artillery is ideal for infantry conducting air assault operations due to its lighter weight and easier transport by helicopter. Armored Brigade Support: Self-propelled artillery is better for supporting armored units that need to move quickly. The ability to "shoot and scoot" can outmaneuver retaliatory fire more effectively.

Maintenance and Reliability

Self-propelled artillery has a smaller footprint and does not require a separate prime mover, which reduces the resources needed to keep it operational. However, this comes with its drawbacks:

Maintenance: Self-propelled artillery requires more maintenance and is more prone to breakdowns. These issues can be significant, especially in contested environments where timely repairs can be difficult to achieve. Fire Support: Self-propelled artillery provides a sustained fire capability, which can be crucial for prolonged engagements and defensive operations. However, it may be more challenging to reposition quickly if the system breaks down. Mobility: While self-propelled artillery can move more freely, the additional size and weight make it harder to transport and hide, particularly in cluttered or urban environments.

On the other hand, a towed artillery piece can be towed by almost any vehicle, requires less maintenance, and can continue firing even if the prime mover breaks down. This versatility provides a critical advantage in fast-paced and unpredictable combat scenarios.

Conclusion

The choice between towed and self-propelled artillery ultimately depends on the specific operational requirements. Towed artillery offers greater flexibility, lighter weight, and easier transport, making it ideal for air assault operations and mountainous terrain. Self-propelled artillery, with its sustained fire capability and mobility, is better suited for supporting armored units that need rapid repositioning. Understanding the unique advantages of each type can help military planners make informed decisions to optimize their forces in various operational scenarios.